1{"id":183983,"date":"2020-04-24T15:36:47","date_gmt":"2020-04-24T08:36:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/tangthuphathoc.net\/?p=183983"},"modified":"2024-01-22T16:39:05","modified_gmt":"2024-01-22T09:39:05","slug":"01-quan-diem-ve-nhung-dinh-nghia-cua-bi-man-va-nhung-tiep-can-cua-khoa-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/tangthuphathoc.net\/01-quan-diem-ve-nhung-dinh-nghia-cua-bi-man-va-nhung-tiep-can-cua-khoa-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"01. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG 1<\/span>
\nQUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M V\u1ec0 NH\u1eeeNG \u0110\u1ecaNH NGH\u0128A C\u1ee6A BI M\u1eaaN
\nV\u00c0 NH\u1eeeNG TI\u1ebeP C\u1eacN C\u1ee6A KHOA H\u1eccC<\/strong><\/span>
\nThe Landscape of Compassion Definitions and Scientific Approaches<\/span><\/strong>
\nT\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Jennifer L. Goetz and Emiliana Simon-Thomas<\/span>
\nChuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef: Tu\u1ec7 Uy\u1ec3n \/ 05-04-2020<\/span>
\n

<\/span><\/h3><\/p>\n

M\u1ee4C L\u1ee4C<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. T\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/li>\n
  2. Bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/li>\n
  3. Bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh<\/li>\n
  4. Bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1<\/li>\n
  5. Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn<\/li>\n
  6. Bi m\u1eabn li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/li>\n
  7. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha<\/li>\n
  8. Khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn<\/li>\n
  9. Nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn<\/li>\n
  10. Sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/li>\n
  11. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/li>\n
  12. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
  13. C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t?<\/li>\n
  14. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng?<\/li>\n
  15. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

     <\/p>\n

    T\u00d3M T\u1eaeT<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u1eed l\u00fd, hay m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trau d\u1ed3i? Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a cho bi m\u1eabn, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m tinh th\u1ea7n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0m \u00fd trong bi m\u1eabn, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 trong \u1ea5y bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng bi m\u1eabn. K\u1ebft th\u00fac, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn trong s\u1ef1 c\u00e1t t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u01b0c, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    Nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c sinh kh\u1edfi trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m, quan t\u00e2m th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m hay bu\u1ed3n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i (Goetz, Keltner, & Simon-Thomas, 2010; Batson, Ahmad, & Lishner, 2009; Hoffman, 2008; Jinpa, 2015). Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m l\u00fd li\u00ean h\u1ec7 trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n \u00e1i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hay s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh dung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, tr\u00f4ng nom nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 cung \u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c hay nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c cho bi m\u1eabn, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t bi m\u1eabn trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    BI M\u1eaaN L\u00c0 G\u00cc?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng khung nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y, bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m cho kh\u1ed5 \u0111au hay nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng l\u00e0m nh\u1eb9 b\u1edbt n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au \u1ea5y (Goetz et al., 2010). M\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u00e0i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t:<\/p>\n

    1. S\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au hay nhu c\u1ea7u trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c);<\/p>\n

    2. C\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u201cx\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1eadt l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 quan v\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7;<\/p>\n

    3. Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n

    4. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh; v\u00e0<\/p>\n

    5. \u01af\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh v\u1ed1n l\u00e8o l\u00e1i m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf.<\/p>\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u00f9, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp, hay x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng xem nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp; ch\u00fang ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5n v\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra song song, v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh g\u1eafng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f4i chi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u1eafp cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

    C\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn cung \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n cho m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t (Ekman, 2016; Feldman Barrett, 2017). Nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 khoa h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau: nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, hay m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trau d\u1ed3i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u00f3 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u phi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (non-human research: s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ) trong \u1ea5y bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed (th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, an \u1ee7i, v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m). S\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u phi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cung c\u1ea5p cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, v\u00e0 cung \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng tin n\u01a1i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 \u0111au nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y, l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac li\u00ean h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 then ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb m\u1ed7i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

    BI M\u1eaaN NH\u01af M\u1ed8T C\u1ea2M X\u00daC V\u00d4 H\u00ccNH<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p, tuy th\u1ebf uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng so s\u00e1nh n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i bu\u1ed3n \u0111au hay nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u01b0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng hay t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u1ed1n giao ti\u1ebfp bi m\u1eabn, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t (th\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u00edm m\u00f4i, nh\u00edu m\u00e0y; xem h\u00ecnh 1.1), ph\u00e1t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u (th\u00ed d\u1ee5, gi\u1ecdng cong xu\u1ed1ng \u201caaaawwwwwwww\u201d), v\u00e0 c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec7u b\u1ed9 (th\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1ef1a v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc) (Kogan et al., 2011; Simon-Thomas, Keltner, Sauter, Sinicropi-Yao, & Abramson, 2009). Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn sau n\u00e0y, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chi nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n kinh giao c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i giao c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111ang v\u1ea1ch ra c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1, kinh nghi\u1ec7m tinh th\u1ea7n, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng sinh l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh (Goetz et al., 2010).<\/p>\n

    Khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, th\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fa \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee3i ra l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn) kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n \u0111au, t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng. Nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n \u0111au c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu h\u01a1n b\u1edfi<\/em> nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (Batson, 2011). Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m bu\u1ed3n \u0111au,<\/em> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n \u0111au c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o v\u1edbi bi m\u1eabn (Eisenberg & Eggum, 2009). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng v\u1edbi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd hay thi\u1ebfu t\u00e2m ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, hay b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c suy t\u00ednh hay nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c bi m\u1eabn trong s\u1ef1 th\u1edd \u01a1 hay nh\u1eabn t\u00e2m (Cameron & Payne, 2012). Nh\u01b0 Cameron gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 20), khi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c,\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebf th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u201ctrung l\u1eadp.\u201d Nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e3i nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 vui s\u01b0\u1edbng trong n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (Schadenfreude: Vui s\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00ean n\u1ed7i \u0111au c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5, v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t, hay kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (Stellar, Feinberg, & Keltner, 2014; Takahashi et al., 2009). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm hay gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n hay ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n), m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m (th\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i trong chi\u1ebfn tranh) (Rosenberg et al., 2015). T\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho r\u1eb1ng, trong khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u201cx\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d b\u1edfi n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd, ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 chung quanh s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean trong Ekman v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ekman v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (xem Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 4), s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, hay, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi bi m\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u1ed1n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ea3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 quan. Trong d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 do v\u1eady m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (Keltner & Lerner, 2010; Kok et al., 2013). Tuy nhi\u00ean, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u1eebng th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc tr\u00e3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 bi m\u1eabn (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y) l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong khi nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn trong ti\u1ebfng Anh (compassion) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu (Condon & Feldman Barrett, 2013). Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u so s\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 Trung Hoa v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m bi m\u1eabn, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta xem nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m (sympathy) v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh (\u540c\u60c5 ) nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu (Goetz & Peng, 2017). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u00edch c\u1ef1c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u1eb7c ch\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn. V\u00ec v\u1eady, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 quan, th\u00ec bi m\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m, hay th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, th\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

    BI M\u1eaaN NH\u01af M\u1ed8T \u0110\u1ed8NG C\u01a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u1ec1 bi m\u1eabn ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u00e8o l\u00e1i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng \u00e2n c\u1ea7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i hay t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, Gilbert v\u00e0 Mascaro (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 29) \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 \u201cm\u1ed9t t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au trong t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ed nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m nh\u1eb9 b\u1edbt kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba n\u00f3.\u201d Stephanie Brown (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 29) th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch th\u1ea7n kinh v\u1ed1n h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n t\u1eed t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u0111e d\u1ecda. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n b\u1edfi \u201cnh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n cho \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 cung \u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n,\u201d Swain v\u00e0 Ho (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6), \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi cha m\u1eb9 thu\u1ed9c lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u00e2n c\u1ea7n v\u1edbi bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1edfi Mikulincer v\u00e0 Shaver (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7), nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/p>\n

    1. ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch th\u1ea7n kinh \u00e2n c\u1ea7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh g\u1eafn b\u00f3 cha m\u1eb9 – con nh\u1ecf; v\u00e0<\/p>\n

    2. ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 an to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n cho bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n t\u1eed t\u1ebf trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1.<\/p>\n

    Trong Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 8, James Kirby ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang cho vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cha m\u1eb9 t\u1ed1i \u0111a h\u00f3a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nu\u00f4i n\u1ea5ng c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    Th\u1eadt h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i \u00edch hay \u00e2n c\u1ea7n t\u01b0 t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n

    – C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (nh\u01b0 Batson tranh lu\u1eadn, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3)?<\/p>\n

    – Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 g\u00ec (Gilbert v\u00e0 Mascaro, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 29)?<\/p>\n

    – C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u1edbi \u00e2n c\u1ea7n t\u1eed t\u1ebf l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n (Weisz and Zaki, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 16)<\/p>\n

    KHUYN H H\u01af\u1edaNG C\u1ee6A BI M\u1eaaN<\/strong><\/p>\n

    L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng x\u1ea3y ra theo th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t d\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng hay t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m bi m\u1eabn ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 18[1]<\/a><\/sup>). Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m bi m\u1eabn \u2013 nh\u01b0 \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u1ed1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m bi m\u1eabn (xem Spinrad and Eisenberg, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5). Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em bi m\u1eabn c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec3m cao h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (Eisenberg et al., 1996), v\u00e0 bi m\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m t\u0103ng th\u00eam t\u1ed9t b\u1ef1c (Lutz, Brefczynski-Lewis, Johnstone, & Davidson, 2008) v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m hoan h\u1ec9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 (Sprecher, Fehr, & Zimmerman, 2007). Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n kinh m\u00ea t\u1ea9u hay ph\u1ebf v\u1ecb (Muhtadie, Koslov, Akinola, & Mendes, 2015), s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 di truy\u1ec1n (Rodrigues, Saslow, Garcia, John, & Keltner, 2009), v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac hay ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ea7n kinh (Keltner, Kogan, Piff, & Saturn, 2014). Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u00ean v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 bi m\u1eabn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ebfn \u1ea5m \u00e1p trong vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng con c\u00e1i (Eisenberg, VanSchyndel, & Hofer, 2015) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tr\u1ebb con (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2005).<\/p>\n

    BI M\u1eaaN LI\u00caN H\u1ec6 V\u1edaI TH\u1ea4U C\u1ea2M NH\u01af TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t bi m\u1eabn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean h\u1ec7 hay tr\u00f9ng l\u1ea5p t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1m b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c, tuy th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Nh\u01b0 Batson th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn (xem Batson, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3), th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m<\/em> l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef bao tr\u00f9m[2]<\/a><\/sup>\u201d th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u, chia s\u1ebb, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u201cx\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac hay th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m ph\u00e1t sinh gien t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u0169 h\u01a1n (De Waal, 2008). Trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c<\/em>, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00fd th\u1ee9c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111ang c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn hay suy ngh\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n h\u00f3a<\/em> (mentalizing<\/em>), l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (xem Klimecki v\u00e0 Singer, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 9), ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, hay n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (Ickes, Stinson, Bissonnette, & Garcia, 1990; Levenson & Ruef, 1992; Zaki, Weber, Bolger, & Ochsner, 2009). Trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m<\/em> (c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/em> b\u1edfi Klimecki and Singer), m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>, m\u00e0 trong \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n hay m\u1ed9t phong th\u00e1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, kinh nghi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, <\/em>hay s\u1ef1 chia s\u1ebb th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn hay l\u00e0m theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n (Klimecki & Singer, 2011). Trong khi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn bi m\u1eabn, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, hay n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 sanh ra bi m\u1eabn. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng t\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u00e0, \u201cs\u1ef1 phi\u1ec1n bu\u1ed3n th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m\u201d).<\/p>\n

    Trong cung c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m<\/em> li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u2013 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao. V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t cung c\u00e1ch then ch\u1ed1t trong n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn th\u00ec kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m, trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 \u201cn\u1eafm b\u1eaft\u201d t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa, t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, hay bu\u1ed3n \u0111au (Decety, 2012). Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au. Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n th\u00ec thi\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00f4i th\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong khi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

    PH\u00c2N BI\u1ec6T L\u00d2NG BI M\u1eaaN V\u1edaI L\u00d2NG V\u1eca THA<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Th\u00eam n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m, th\u00ec th\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha (altruism). M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf, th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ecb tha kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. Gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4i th\u00fac l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Batson, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3), vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn hay v\u1ecb th\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (Willer, Feinberg, Flynn, & Simpson, 2014), hay c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eb9 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i hay s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft \u01a1n (Smith, Lapinski, Bresnahan, & Smith, 2013). Xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb bi m\u1eabn, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au hay nhu c\u1ea7u. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau, bi\u1ebft \u01a1n, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m h\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u0169ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, ngay c\u1ea3 khi nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n (Algoe & Haidt, 2009). Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf (xem Poulin, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 26); ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd cho n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean h\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng trong vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

    KHOA H\u1eccC C\u1ee6A BI M\u1eaaN<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Th\u00eam n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m tra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 bi m\u1eabn. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn \u2013 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn x\u1ea3y ra, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi, v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 v\u1edbi n\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7c ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh cho vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 b\u1ed5 sung n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n. Ti\u1ebfp theo, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

    NH\u1eeeNG NGU\u1ed2N G\u1ed0C C\u1ee6A L\u00d2NG BI M\u1eaaN<\/strong><\/p>\n

    T\u1eeb Darwin, c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u bi m\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m, nguy hi\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 hy sinh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec3 trong s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 d\u00e0nh cho con c\u00e1i d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng (Batson et al., 2011; Hoffman, 2008; McDougall, 1908), v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 di truy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (Hamilton, 1964). V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00f2ng r\u1eb1ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ed1n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch (xem Carter, Bartal & Porges, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng14), cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Preston, 2013).<\/p>\n

    Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 sau trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu \u201ct\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean\u201d cho nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng bi m\u1eabn v\u1edbi n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 hi\u1ec7n ra (Porges, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng15), v\u00e0 nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u01a1 sinh (Preston, 2013), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 (Brown, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 13). M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn sinh h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 di truy\u1ec1n v\u1ed1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn (Saturn, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10).<\/p>\n

    Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n. M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi l\u00e0, Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0m cho r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 chung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00f4 t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111au bu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn (Batson, Fultz, & Schoenrade, 1987). C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111ang c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, xu h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c? Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn bao nhi\u00eau; v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y (Farwell & Weiner, 1996)?<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0: L\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng quen bi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 cho nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao? C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ecfi con c\u00e1i ch\u00fang ta, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 xa l\u1ea1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ed1n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00e0 con th\u00e2n thu\u1ed9c? Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c qua s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u0111i c\u00f3 l\u1ea1i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp (Axelrod & Hamilton, 1981; Trivers, 1971), v\u00e0 qua vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (Sober & Wilson, 1998). Nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3i \u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u1ea7u trong con c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean v\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 v\u1edbi h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong nh\u00f3m (Preston, 2013). Nh\u01b0 Davis (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 23) n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00ec, l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7c ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m trong nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c (Markus & Kitayama, 1991), v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m (Levine, Norenzayan, & Philbrick, 2001). Xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng (Henrich & Henrich, 2014), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u00e0nh vi, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Nh\u01b0 Joan Chiao \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12), nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di truy\u1ec1n gien tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Henrich & Henrich, 2007). Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n sau, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea9m tra nh\u1eefng cung c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

    SINH H\u1eccC C\u1ee6A L\u00d2NG BI M\u1eaaN L\u00c0 G\u00cc?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, hay m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 sinh h\u1ecdc bao qu\u00e1t v\u1ed1n ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n, l\u00e8o l\u00e1i, hay ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn sinh h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i, m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 m\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. M\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau xa h\u01a1n cho nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n th\u1ea9m tra s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Ti\u1ebfp theo, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

    NH\u1eeeNG TI\u1ec0N \u0110\u1ec0 V\u00c0 NH\u1eeeNG \u0110I\u1ec0U TI\u1ebeT C\u1ee6A L\u00d2NG BI M\u1eaaN L\u00c0 G\u00cc?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a v\u1ed1n g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n cho s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c con c\u00e1i, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u00f3 d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au, th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ec ho\u1ea3n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n sinh l\u00fd nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u00edch th\u00edch l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn t\u1eeb d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00ean v\u1ed1n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u01b0. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft theo ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh v\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3m, hay ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn (Gilbert v\u00e0 Mascaro, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 29). K\u1ebf th\u1eeba m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ebfm. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn, h\u00f3a ra, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1edfi \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ee3i \u00edch chi ph\u00ed\u201d trong m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (Poulin, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 26). Ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn l\u00fd n\u00e0y, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 (Condon v\u00e0 DeSteno, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 22), c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 (Caprara, Vittorio, & Eisenberg, 2012), nh\u1eefng th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng (Weng, Schuyler v\u00e0 Davidson, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11). Trong m\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u201cs\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn\u201d g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn khi h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf nh\u01b0 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n (Cameron, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 20). Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hai, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u00ecn chung, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ecf? Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i g\u1ee3i ra nhi\u1ec1u bi m\u1eabn h\u01a1n? M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u00ec nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m c\u00e0ng linh ho\u1ea1t h\u01a1n (Cheng, Chen, Lin, Chou, & Decety, 2010), vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u201cx\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d b\u1edfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m), v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u0169ng gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f3a ra th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u00e2n c\u1ea7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn (Weisz v\u00e0 Zaki, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 16).<\/p>\n

    Th\u1ee9 hai, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn th\u00ec nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ri\u00eang n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m bi m\u1eabn, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau ph\u00ed t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft b\u1edfi Piff v\u00e0 Moskowitz (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 24) cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n (\u00edt c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean h\u01a1n) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n l\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 bi m\u1eabn h\u01a1n. Nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a Piff li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u2013 v\u00e0 \u2013 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng (Fredrickson, 2004), trong \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 khi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh hay b\u1ecf ch\u1ea1y. V\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 hay ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eabn tr\u00e1nh hay t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u1ed5 \u0111au.<\/p>\n

    C\u00d3 M\u1ed8T H\u1ed2 S\u01a0 SINH H\u1eccC C\u1ee6A BI M\u1eaaN KH\u00d4NG?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a bi m\u1eabn li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u k\u00edch th\u00edch sinh l\u00fd v\u00e0 n\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 c\u00f9ng nhau m\u1edf ra cung c\u00e1ch cho nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ed1n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u00e2m thanh c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 \u0111au cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng khu v\u1ef1c th\u00f9y n\u00e3o ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn cao \u0111\u1ed9 (Lutz et al., 2008; Lutz, Greischar, Rawlings, Ricard, & Davidson, 2004; Lutz, Greischar, Perlman, & Davidson, 2009). S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn qua r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t h\u00f3a m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n (t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u201cc\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9) trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn g\u1ee3i ra (Desbordes et al., 2012). Th\u00f9y n\u00e3o ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh trong th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 (th\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1ecbp tim nhanh ho\u1eb7c bu\u1ed3n n\u00f4n) v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 quan tr\u1ecdng \u2013 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c, ngay l\u00fac th\u1ea5y l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda hay \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u2013 v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nhanh th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Tuy v\u1eady, chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Helen Weng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng v\u1ecf n\u00e3o ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft h\u1ea1 s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111e d\u1ecda hay \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng sau s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn (Weng et al., 2013). Li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a Tania Singer \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 cho l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa \u2018v\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m t\u1ebf b\u00e0o n\u1eb1m g\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa n\u00e3o (VTA)\u2019\/ h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n trung gian r\u1ea5t gi\u00e0u t\u1ebf b\u00e0o th\u1ea7n kinh dopamine (Substantia Nigra) v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng trung gian v\u1ecf n\u00e3o ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc (medial Orbital Frontal Cortex), v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn (xem Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 19).<\/p>\n

    <\/p>\n

    Figure a\/- VTA (ventral tegmental area) b\/- Substantia Nigrae c\/- Medial orbital frontal cortex<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 trong l\u00fac bi m\u1eabn – ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng – cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1eeb nh\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u1ed1i giao c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng (ANS), c\u1ea3 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi (gi\u1ea3m nh\u1ecbp tim, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a da th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m m\u1ea1nh kh\u1ecfe (r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n nh\u1ecbp xoang h\u00f4 h\u1ea5p), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (Eisenberg & Fabes, 1991; Stellar, Cohen, Oveis, & Keltner, 2015). Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u b\u1edfi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh vi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh h\u1ecdc ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1edbm s\u1ee7a t\u1eeb c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u201cx\u00fac \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d b\u1edfi kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (th\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. L\u1ed1i m\u00f2n lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 (SNS[3]<\/a><\/sup>) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t tr\u1ee5c tuy\u1ebfn y\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ed9 n\u00e3o (HPA[4]<\/a><\/sup>), gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u1ed1i giao c\u1ea3m (PNS[5]<\/a><\/sup>), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u2013 ph\u1ea1m vi m\u00e0 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 quan ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c (t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda), v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 quan t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n, \u00e2n c\u1ea7n), v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sinh h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cho c\u1ea3 hai.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u1ed1i giao c\u1ea3m (PNS) l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, trong khi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng th\u00f4i th\u00fac t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1eadp trung, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i su\u1ed1t kh\u1eafp th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i m\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi th\u1ea7n kinh ph\u1ebf v\u1ecb (vagus), nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh di s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 Thuy\u1ebft PolyVagal[6]<\/a><\/sup> kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi Steve Porge (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 15). Trong n\u00e3o b\u1ed9, Stephanie Brown v\u00e0 Michael Brown (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 13) \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n kinh \u0111\u1ed1i giao c\u1ea3m (PNS) cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch th\u1ea7n kinh h\u1ea1ch trung th\u1ea5t v\u00f9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1edfi cha m\u1eb9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n v\u1edbi n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e2n c\u1ea7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn b\u1edfi Swain v\u00e0 Ho (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6), cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch gia t\u0103ng trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mi\u00eau t\u1ea3 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au (Kim et al., 2009; Simon-Thomas et al., 2012).<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 quy k\u1ebft theo ng\u1eef c\u1ea3nh v\u1ed1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn c\u00f3 l\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e2m l\u00fd hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc; tuy th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1eeb khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n kinh cung \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n b\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eb7t l\u01b0ng v\u1ecf n\u00e3o tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e1n trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh (Gross, 2002; Ochsner et al., 2004), m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. V\u1ecf n\u00e3o gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (Whitfield-Gabrieli et al., 2011), nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tr\u00f9ng l\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf, ng\u00e3 ba th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e1o c\u00e1o \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (Saxe & Wexler, 2005), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi bi m\u1eabn. Tuy v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c k\u00edch th\u00edch hay n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ed1n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn (th\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n: kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf; ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c: t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng\/\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o trong ng\u00e3 ba th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng (Morishima, Schunk, Bruhin, Ruff, & Fehr, 2012), v\u1ed1n g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n kinh sinh h\u1ecdc m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp l\u1ea5y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha. Tuy th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y th\u00f4i ph\u01a1i b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u00edch th\u00edch trong ng\u00e3 ba th\u00e1i d\u01b0\u01a1ng hay trong s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c v\u1ed1n h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 (Th\u00ed d\u1ee5, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5y nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c qua m\u1eaft k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c) v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ea7n kinh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p tinh vi s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

    Trong m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, Dacher Keltner th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t khung bao qu\u00e1t cho h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu (Keltner et al., 2014). Khung \u0110\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1, Gi\u00e1 Tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 C\u1ea3m X\u00fac (SAVE) c\u1ee7a Keltner[7]<\/a><\/sup> bao h\u00e0m ba h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc quan tr\u1ecdng:<\/p>\n

    1. h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a serotonergic (the serotonergic attunement system)<\/p>\n

    2. m\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i oxytocin (the oxytocin social network)<\/p>\n

    3. h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khen th\u01b0\u1edfng dopamine trong h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (the dopamine reward system in prosocial behavior), v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

    Khung ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 c\u1ee7a serotonin trong nh\u1eefng tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a b\u0103n kho\u0103n v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu (Caspi, Hariri, Holmes, Uher, & Moffitt, 2010); ch\u00fang t\u00f4i di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u01b0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u1ed5i \u0111au bu\u1ed3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Sarina Saturn (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 10) di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac trong nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00ednh \u0111a h\u00ecnh GG c\u1ee7a gen v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n oxytocin rs53576. D\u1eef ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn bi m\u1eabn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5 hay \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (Rodrigues et al., 2009). B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui b\u1ea9m sinh Harbaugh, Mayr, & Burghart, 2007; Inagaki & Eisenberger, 2012) c\u0169ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Khung \u0110\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1, Gi\u00e1 Tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 C\u1ea3m X\u00fac (SAVE). \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf n\u00ean bi m\u1eabn h\u01a1n qua vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ch th\u1ea7n kinh khen th\u01b0\u1edfng trong th\u1eddi gian bi m\u1eabn (Klimecki & Singer, Chapter 9 in this volume). T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u khen th\u01b0\u1edfng \u2013 trong th\u1eddi gian \u2013 bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c hoan h\u1ec9 b\u1ea9m sinh c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (Klimecki, Leiberg, Lamm, & Singer, 2012).<\/p>\n

    T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 trong l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ea9m tra nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn c\u0169ng \u0111ang kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i bi m\u1eabn h\u01a1n cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c trong s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay kh\u00f4ng. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

    C\u00d3 PH\u1ea2I BI M\u1eaaN L\u00c0 PH\u1ed4 QU\u00c1T<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ea9m nghi\u1ec7m vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong bi m\u1eabn. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u bi m\u1eabn, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m (Dalsky, Gohm, Noguchi, & Shiomura, 2008; Kitayama, Mesquita, & Karasawa, 2006), nh\u01b0ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u00c1 ch\u00e2u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u00edt th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y \u00edt bi m\u1eabn h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed5i kh\u1ed5 \u0111au c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c (Atkins, Uskul, & Cooper, 2016; Cassels, Chan, & Chung, 2010). Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a qu\u00fd chu\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m (simpatia: m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c) bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n cho nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u00f3m (Levine et al., 2001), trong khi nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a coi tr\u1ecdng g\u1eafn k\u1ebft th\u00ec bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u00edt th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa l\u1ea1 h\u01a1n (Knafo, Schwartz, & Levine, 2009). Chiao (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12) cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e9p k\u00edn \u2013 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec v\u1eady s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Zarins v\u00e0 Konrath (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 25) tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trong \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c theo th\u1eddi gian \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m tra theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n th\u1ea9m tra c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi then ch\u1ed1t trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac t\u1eadp trung v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn kinh nghi\u1ec7m hay bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. Koopmann-Holm v\u00e0 Tsai (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 21) duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. C\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi n\u00e0o l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00eam n\u1eefa, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n, ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, hay \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u00e2n c\u1ea7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c.<\/p>\n

    CH\u00daNG TA C\u00d3 TH\u1ec2 R\u00c8N LUY\u1ec6N L\u00d2NG BI M\u1eaaN \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C KH\u00d4NG?<\/strong><\/p>\n

    C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 (s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd), ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 (l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c), hay xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 (t\u1ea7n s\u1ed1) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a 2,500 n\u0103m Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh cho r\u1eb1ng, t\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, v\u00e2ng, \u0111\u00fang v\u1eady. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n h\u00f3a t\u1eeb c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ebfn anh h\u00f9ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ti\u1ebft trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh D\u1ef1 \u00c1n Quan Ni\u1ec7m Anh H\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a Zimbardo[8]<\/a><\/sup> (Zimbardo, Seppala, v\u00e0 Franco, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 34) c\u0169ng cho l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00e2ng. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng sinh h\u1ecdc g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 linh \u0111\u1ed9ng su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi c\u0169ng cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3, v\u00e2ng. T\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh R\u00e8n Luy\u1ec7n Trau D\u1ed3i L\u00f2ng T\u1eeb Bi (CCT[9]<\/a><\/sup>) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Stanford (Goldin v\u00e0 Jazaieri, Chapter 18) \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ReSource (Klimecki v\u00e0 Singer, Chapter 9) \u1edf Leipzig, th\u00ec \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean bi m\u1eabn h\u01a1n qua r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

    Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean gia \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o (Jinpa, 2015) cho nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (Desbordes & Negi, 2013). Brooke Dodson-Lavelle (Chapter 2) di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ba truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o trong vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u00f3a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn sau n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn (Chapters 11, 18, v\u00e0 17[10]<\/a><\/sup>) t\u1ef1 bi m\u1eabn (Neff v\u00e0 Germer, Chapter 27) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn gi\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ch\u1eeda b\u1ec7nh (Gilbert & Mascaro, Chapter 29).<\/p>\n

    V\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd, tri gi\u00e1c, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc Emory, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eb7c ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi Geshe Lobsang Negi, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Kh\u00f3a R\u00e8n Luy\u1ec7n C\u0103n B\u1ea3n Tri Gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a L\u00f2ng T\u1eeb Bi trong t\u00e1m tu\u1ea7n (CBCT[11]<\/a><\/sup>), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi ba chuy\u00ean gia Jennifer Mascaro, Lobsang Negi v\u00e0 Charles Raison (Chapter 19). Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, nh\u00f3m Emory cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n tri gi\u00e1c bi m\u1eabn (CBCT) \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u00edt lo l\u1eafng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i s\u1edbm h\u01a1n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 g\u00e2y c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c, CBCT \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean c\u00f3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n s\u1ed1ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u1edf Georgia (Pace et al., 2009; Pace et al., 2013; Reddy et al., 2013). T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1edfi Goldin v\u00e0 Jazaieri (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 18 trong t\u1eadp n\u00e0y) vi\u1ec7c tham gia ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh CCT t\u00e1m tu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Stanford, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 bi m\u1eabn, m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh t\u00e2m l\u00fd kh\u00e1c (Jazaieri et al., 2013; Jazaieri et al., 2014). Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c t\u1eeb Yale, Northwestern v\u00e0 Harvard \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m th\u1ea7n kinh t\u0103ng l\u00ean (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1ch h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n (amygdala)) cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u2014 v\u1ed1n \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n sau m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u00e1m tu\u1ea7n (Condon, Desbordes, Miller, & DeSteno, 2013; Desbordes et al., 2012).<\/p>\n

    Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng trong kh\u00f4ng gian \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n, \u201cli\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u l\u00e0 g\u00ec?\u201d hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o cho c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ng\u1eafn h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n. B\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n (Leiberg, Klimecki, & Singer, 2011) v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ch t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00e3o b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o c\u00e1o sau ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ed9t tu\u1ea7n r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn (Klimecki et al., 2012). (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 11) S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Weng c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn. \u1ede m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 (Shamatha) do Clifford Saron v\u00e0 Alan Wallace \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m tra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tu d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u00e2m linh t\u1eadp trung ba th\u00e1ng, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 trau d\u1ed3i v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. S\u1ef1 tham gia tu t\u1eadp thi\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 (Shamatha) c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u00e3o h\u00f3a l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 b\u1edfi chi\u1ec1u d\u00e0i telomere[12]<\/a><\/sup> c\u1ee7a huy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u00edt t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \/ ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ea3nh phim chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d th\u00edch nghi h\u01a1n – m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i quen t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m (Jacobs et al.,, 2011; Rosenberg et al.,, 2015; Sahdra et al., 2011). T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Skwara, King v\u00e0 Saron tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y chi ti\u1ebft (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 17).<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn, ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd. R\u00fat ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 trong c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, Kristin Neff \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 bi m\u1eabn<\/em>, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 thang \u0111o l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 bi m\u1eabn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n T\u1ef1 T\u1eeb Bi Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m <\/em>(MSC) k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u00e1m tu\u1ea7n. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n T\u1ef1 T\u1eeb Bi Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m <\/em>(MSC) nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u1ed7i \u0111\u1edbn \u0111au v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, t\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i h\u01a1n (Neff, Kirkpatrick, & Rude, 2007). Neff v\u00e0 Germer (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 27) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n T\u1ef1 T\u1eeb Bi Ch\u00e1nh Ni\u1ec7m <\/em>(MSC) s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn gia t\u0103ng l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 bi m\u1eabn, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (Germer & Neff, 2013).<\/p>\n

    M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00edch l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00ed \u1ea9n xung quanh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n (Leiberg et al., 2011; Klimecki et al., 2012; Condon et al., 2013; Desbordes et al., 2012) l\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m? nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \/ tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh? xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh? ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i?) v\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ho\u1eb7c s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1i \u01b0u hay kh\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1eadt l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c hay kh\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean cho vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean s\u1ed1ng th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n bi m\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1edf theo c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh (Layous, Lee, Choi, & Lyubomirsky, 2013; Lyubomirsky & Layous, 2013).<\/p>\n

    \u00c1P D\u1ee4NG L\u00d2NG BI M\u1eaaN<\/strong><\/p>\n

    Kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u0103n h\u00f3a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u2013 h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 yoga v\u00e0 ch\u00e1nh ni\u1ec7m. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd trong su\u1ed1t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng truy c\u1eadp v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trong t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n, t\u00ednh linh ho\u1ea1t v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00e2m t\u01b0 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n l\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n h\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 \u201cs\u1ef1 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn\u201d \u00a0 (xem Figley v\u00e0 Figley, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 28) \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u1ea1n ki\u1ec7t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi m\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a xa c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o cho th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u00f5i m\u1ec7t – m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 Singer c\u0169ng chia s\u1ebb trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u cho \u201cl\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi\u201d nh\u01b0 \u201cs\u1ef1 m\u1ec7t m\u00f5i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u c\u1ea3m kh\u1ed5 \u0111au\u201d (Klimecki & Singer, 2011). Sue Shea v\u00e0 Christos Lionis xem x\u00e9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe bi m\u1eabn h\u01a1n (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 32 trong t\u1eadp n\u00e0y).<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ee9c \u0110\u1ea1t Lai L\u1ea1t Ma, l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y T\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng minh b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd nh\u01b0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng, Lady Gaga, th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 bi m\u1eabn l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. Tr\u1ebb em, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, l\u00e0 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 bi m\u1eabn r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c chia s\u1ebb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. Lavelle, Flook v\u00e0 Gharemani (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 33 trong t\u1eadp n\u00e0y) li\u1ec7t k\u00ea s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c bi m\u1eabn h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

    M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn trong gi\u1edbi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 doanh thu c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t? Cameron (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 30) kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng cung c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c bi m\u1eabn, t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 to\u00e0n c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t. Worline v\u00e0 Dutton (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 31) ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn, trong khi Martin v\u00e0 Heineberg (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 35) th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1ecdi b\u00ean li\u00ean h\u1ec7 (winwin) v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e3o luy\u1ec7n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi m\u1eabn ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u tra vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 Th\u1ef1c Nghi\u1ec7m Stanford n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Phil Zimbardo (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 34) \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u2013 gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u h\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y s\u1ebd truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho h\u01b0\u1edbng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

    T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc bi m\u1eabn \u2013 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh ch\u00fang ta. C\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn bi m\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng bi m\u1eabn (Lilius, Kanov, Dutton, Worline, & Maitlis, 2011). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i hy v\u1ecdng t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia t\u1eeb m\u1ecdi t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi m\u1eabn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n m\u00e3i m\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

    *<\/p>\n

    Tr\u00edch t\u1eeb quy\u1ec3n The Oxford Handbook of Compassion Science<\/p>\n

    \u1ea8n T\u00e2m L\u1ed9, Wednesday, April 15, 2020\/ Nhu\u1eadn s\u1eafc April 19, 2020<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. (e.g., Interpersonal Reactivity Index, Davis, 1983; Dispositional Positive Affect Scale, Shiota, Keltner, & John, 2006; Fear of Compassion Scale, Gilbert, McEwan, Matos, & Rivis, 2011; Compassionate Love Scale, Sprecher & Fehr, 2005; and finally, the soonto-be-published Multidimensional Compassion Scale developed by Jazaieri, Chapter 18 in this volume). \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    2. An umbrella term \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    3. sympathetic nervous system (SNS) \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    4. hypothalamic pituitary axis (HPA) \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    5. parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    6. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft Polyvagal l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t ra r\u1eb1ng d\u00e2y th\u1ea7n kinh Vagus c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ea3y t\u1eeb c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00e3o. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    7. Keltner\u2019s Sociocultural Appraisals, Values, and Emotions (SAVE) \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    8. Zimbardo\u2019s Heroic Imagination Project \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    9. Stanford University\u2019s Compassion Cultivation Training (CCT) \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    10. Weng, Schuyler, and Davidson; Goldin and Jazaieri; and Skwara, King, and Saron; \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    11. Compassion Based Cognitive Training \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n
    12. m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u1edf cu\u1ed1i nhi\u1ec5m s\u1eafc th\u1ec3. \u2191<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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